Averages of daily figures. Noon buying rates in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies. Starting January 1999 derived using the official fixed euro conversion rates.

Real effective exchange rates are calculated as weighted averages of bilateral exchange rates adjusted by relative consumer prices. Copyright, 2016, Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Terms and conditions of use are available at http://www.bis.org/terms_conditions.htm#Copyright_and_Permissions.

OECD Descriptor ID: CCUSMA02 OECD unit ID: EUR OECD country ID: FRA All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: XRAT

Source ID: xr When using these data in your research, please make the following reference: Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net/pwt For more information, see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/.

Real effective exchange rates are calculated as weighted averages of bilateral exchange rates adjusted by relative consumer prices. Copyright, 2016, Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Terms and conditions of use are available at http://www.bis.org/terms_conditions.htm#Copyright_and_Permissions.

OECD Descriptor ID: CCUSSP01 OECD unit ID: EUR OECD country ID: FRA All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

Nominal effective exchange rates are calculated as geometric weighted averages of bilateral exchange rates. Copyright, 2016, Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Terms and conditions of use are available at http://www.bis.org/terms_conditions.htm#Copyright_and_Permissions.

Nominal effective exchange rates are calculated as geometric weighted averages of bilateral exchange rates. Copyright, 2016, Bank for International Settlements (BIS). Terms and conditions of use are available at http://www.bis.org/terms_conditions.htm#Copyright_and_Permissions.

Source ID: pl_gdpo When using these data in your research, please make the following reference: Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2015), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" American Economic Review, 105(10), 3150-3182, available for download at www.ggdc.net/pwt For more information, see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/.

Source ID: pl_gdpe When using these data in your research, please make the following reference: Feenstra, Robert C., Robert Inklaar and Marcel P. Timmer (2013), "The Next Generation of the Penn World Table" available for download at www.ggdc.net/pwt For more information, see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/.

Monthly Average Quotations Were Computed By NBER From Daily Averages Published In The Deutscher Reichsanzeiger, For 1876-1884. Thereafter, Monthly Averages Were Computed By The Statistiches Reichsamt. Data Refer To Eight Day Drafts. An Alternative Source For 1888-1907 Is The National Monetary Commission, Publications, Vol. 21, Pp. 251-255. Source: Data For 1876-1884 And 1910-July 1914: Deutscher Reichsanzeiger. Data For 1885-1894: Vierteljahrshefte Zur Statistik Des Deutschen Reich, 1895, Vol. Ii, P. 95. Data For 1895-1909: Statistiches Jahrbuch Fur Das Deutsche Reich, 1896 And Following Years. Data For 1925-October 1935: Konjunktur-Statistiches Handbuch, 1936. Data For November 1935-1939: Vierteljahrshefte Zur Konjunktur-Torschung. This NBER data series m14071 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14071

Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has eliminated the International Labor Comparisons (ILC) program. This is the last BLS release of international comparisons of manufacturing productivity and unit labor cost trends.

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1876-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1918-1939. Data Are For Exchange Rates For Short-Term Bankers' Francs. Data For 1876-October 1902 Are Posted Rates Of Leading Bankers; For November 1902-1914 Are Actual Rates. Monthly Averages Were Computed By NBER From The Weekly Rates As Of The Friday Of Each Week. Data Previous To The Third Friday In January 1877 Are From The "Three Days Draft", Thereafter The "Demand Draft". Data For January 1882 And January 1884 Are Straight Line Interpolations Because No Quotatons Were Available. Source: Commercial And Financial Chronicle. This NBER data series m14004a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14004a

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1876-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1918-1939. Monthly Averages Are From Daily Quotations Of The Federal Reserve Bank Of New York City For Noon Cable Transfer Rates In New York As Certified To The U.S. Treasury By The Federal Reserve Bank. These Data Are Not Strictly Comparable To Data In Variables Covering 1876-1914. Source: Commercial And Financial Chronicle. This NBER data series m14004b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14004b

OECD Descriptor ID: CCRETT02 OECD unit ID: IDX OECD country ID: FRA All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Descriptor ID: CCRETT01 OECD unit ID: IDX OECD country ID: FRA All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: FRA COUNTERPART_AREA: W UNIT_MEASURE: USD_EXC TRADE_FLOW: M PRODUCT_TYPE: C ADJUSTMENT: Y TRANSFORMATION: N FREQ: M All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: FRA COUNTERPART_AREA: W UNIT_MEASURE: USD_EXC TRADE_FLOW: X PRODUCT_TYPE: C ADJUSTMENT: Y TRANSFORMATION: N FREQ: M All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: FRA COUNTERPART_AREA: W UNIT_MEASURE: USD_EXC TRADE_FLOW: TB PRODUCT_TYPE: C ADJUSTMENT: Y TRANSFORMATION: N FREQ: M All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

Price Level of GDP is the PPP over GDP divided by the exchange rate times 100. The PPP of GDP or any component is the national currency value divided by the real value in international dollars. The PPP and the exchange rate are both expressed as national currency units per US dollar.The value of price level of GDP for the United States is made equal to 100. Price Levels of the components Consumption, Investment, and Government are derived in the same way as the price level of GDP. While the U.S. = 100 over GDP, this is not true for the component shares. The purchasing power parity in domestic currency per $US for GDP or any component, may be obtained by dividing the price level by 100 and multiplying by the Exchange Rate. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: pi

Price Level of GDP is the PPP over GDP divided by the exchange rate times 100. The PPP of GDP or any component is the national currency value divided by the real value in international dollars. The PPP and the exchange rate are both expressed as national currency units per US dollar.The value of price level of GDP for the United States is made equal to 100. Price Levels of the components Consumption, Investment, and Government are derived in the same way as the price level of GDP. While the U.S. = 100 over GDP, this is not true for the component shares. The purchasing power parity in domestic currency per $US for GDP or any component, may be obtained by dividing the price level by 100 and multiplying by the Exchange Rate. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: pc

Price Level of GDP is the PPP over GDP divided by the exchange rate times 100. The PPP of GDP or any component is the national currency value divided by the real value in international dollars. The PPP and the exchange rate are both expressed as national currency units per US dollar.The value of price level of GDP for the United States is made equal to 100. Price Levels of the components Consumption, Investment, and Government are derived in the same way as the price level of GDP. While the U.S. = 100 over GDP, this is not true for the component shares. The purchasing power parity in domestic currency per $US for GDP or any component, may be obtained by dividing the price level by 100 and multiplying by the Exchange Rate. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: pg