Approximate percent difference from trend. The HP filter was applied to the natural logarithm of GDP and the cyclical component was then multiplied by 100. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
Break-adjusted measure intended for users who need a series without classification or geographical breaks for use in appropriate econometric work where, for example, the series will be log-differenced or log-linearised around a trend. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Provided that the underlying sources of the data are acknowledged and cited appropriately users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it is based on Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
Break-adjusted measure intended for users who need a series without classification or geographical breaks for use in appropriate econometric work where, for example, the series will be log-differenced or log-linearised around a trend. This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Provided that the underlying sources of the data are acknowledged and cited appropriately users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it is based on Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Provided that the underlying sources of the data are acknowledged and cited appropriately users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it is based on Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.
BEA Account Code: Y091RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y085RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y083RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y080RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y032RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y025RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y024RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y023RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y021RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: W505RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W504RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W503RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W171RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W173RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: Y081RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: Y086RA A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)
BEA Account Code: A557RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A593RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A594RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A889RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A895RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: B893RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: B899RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W050RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A560RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A748RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: B1013A For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W038RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: A969RX For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W190RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W188RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W187RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W186RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W184RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W177RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W176RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W172RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W170RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W169RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W168RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W150RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W149RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W148RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W147RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W049RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W047RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W044RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W039RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W037RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W036RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W035RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.
BEA Account Code: W034RA For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.