Data Are Described In The Jahrbuch As "Summe Der Umsatze," Which Includes Gutschriften And Lastschriften (Credit And Debit Transactions). Original Figures Exclude Bavaria And Wurttemberg. Annual Figures For All Of Germany Provide Ratios For Raising These Original Figures To The Level Of All Germany. Ratios Used: 1909-120.1, 1910-118.4, 1911-117.5, And 1912-117.1. Data For 1923 Were Not Published,"Fur 1923 Sind Keine Zahlen Bekanntgegeben." Source: 1909- 1912 Data Were Computed By NBER From Data Provided By Statistiches Amt. Wirtschaft Und Statistik Is The Source For 1914-1935 Data. This NBER data series m12028 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 12 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter12.html. NBER Indicator: m12028

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

For more information, please see the Import/Export Price Indexes web site at https://www.bls.gov/mxp/

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

For more information, please see the Import/Export Price Indexes web site at https://www.bls.gov/mxp/

Exchange Traded Funds (ETFs) are shares of trusts that hold portfolios of stocks designed to closely track the price performance and yield of specific indices. Copyright, 2016, Chicago Board Options Exchange, Inc. Reprinted with permission.

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1946 (3)--Original Data, 1947-1970. Figures Reflect End Of Month Data. Data Exclude Active Portion Of Exchange Stable Fund. Source: Data For 1878-June 1907: Estimated From Monthly Series In Reports Of The Treasurer, 1891, Pp. 159 And Following; 1878, Pp. 109 And Following; 1903, Pp. 205 And Following; 1909, Pp. 190 And Following; 1915, Pp. 339 And Following; Also Annual Reports Of The Director Of The Mint, 1887, P. 86; 1907, Pp. 87 And 92. Data For July 1907-1914: U.S. Treasury Department, "Circulation Statement Of U.S. Money", Monthly. This NBER data series m14076a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14076a

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1946 (3)--Original Data, 1947-1970. Figures For 1914-July 1917 Are End Of Month Data. Data For August 1917-1946 Are Monthly Averages Of Daily Figures. Figures In This Variable Differ From Those In Previous Variables Covering 1878-1914 By The Amount Of Revision Made To Exclude Gold Coin Outside The Treasury And Federal Reserve Banks, Estimated To Be $287,000,000. Between January 31, 1934 And February 1, 1934, The Gold Stock Was Increased 2.98 Billion Dollars, Of Which 2.81 Billion Was The Increment Resulting From Reduction In The Weight Of The Gold Dollar And The Remainder Was Gold Which Had Been Purchased By The Treasury Previously But Not Added To The Gold Stock. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Banking And Monetary Statistics; Federal Reserve Bulletins. This NBER data series m14076b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14076b

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1946 (3)--Original Data, 1947-1970. Data Reflect Monthly Averages Of Daily Figures. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Federal Reserve Bulletins, 1947 And Following Issues. This NBER data series m14076c appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14076c

Internal Demand For Gold Is Equal To The Difference Between The Net Imports Of Gold And The Increase In The Bank Of England'S Gold Reserve (Including Coins). Net Imports Are Based On Weekly Returns. Average Weekly Demand Was Computed By NBER From Quarterly Data Given In Source By Dividing By 12, 13, Or 14 (Number Of Weeks In Quarter). Quarters Begin On The Thursday Following The First Wednesday In December, March, June, And September Respectively. Annual Totals Equal The Algebraic Sum Of Weekly Averages Per Quarter. Source: R.G. Hawtrey, A Century Of Bank Rates (London, 1938), Appendix Ii, Pp. 297-300. This NBER data series q14003 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: q14003

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1949. Data In Original Source Are As Of The First Of The Month, Used Here To Represent The End Of The Preceding Month. Data Represent The Net Monetary Gold, Including Cover For Gold Certificates In The Treasury; Gold Coins Are Incuded. Source: Computed By NBER Using Data From U.S. Treasury Department Data: Annual Reports Of The Secretary; And Circulation Statements Of U.S. Money. This NBER data series m14137a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14137a

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1949. Data In Original Source Are As Of The First Of The Month, Used Here To Represent The End Of The Preceding Month. Data Represent The Net Monetary Gold, Including Cover For Gold Certificates In The Treasury; Gold Coins Are Included Until January 1934. In December 1927 The Form Of The Circulation Statement Was Changed And Gold Held By Federal Reserve Banks Under Earmark For Foreign Account Was Excluded, And Gold Held Abroad For Federal Reserve Banks Was Included. Data Were Revised By The Federal Reserve Board To Reflect These Changes Back To 1914. Between January 31, 1934 And Febuary 1, 1934, The Gold Stock Was Increased 2.98 Billion Dollars Of Which 2.81 Billion Dollars Was The Increment Resulting From Reduction In The Weight Of The Gold Dollar And The Remainder Was Gold Which Had Been Purchased By The Treasury Previously, But Not Added To The Gold Stock. Source: Computed By NBER Using Data From U.S. Treasury Department Data: Annual Reports Of The Secretary; And Circulation Statements Of U.S. Money. This NBER data series m14137b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14137b

This series has been discontinued as a result of the comprehensive restructuring of the international economic accounts (https://apps.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2014/07%20July/0714_annual_international_transactions_accounts.pdf). For a crosswalk of the old and new series in FRED see: http://research.stlouisfed.org/CompRevisionReleaseID49.xlsx.

This series has been discontinued as a result of the comprehensive restructuring of the international economic accounts (https://apps.bea.gov/scb/pdf/2014/07%20July/0714_annual_international_transactions_accounts.pdf). For a crosswalk of the old and new series in FRED see: http://research.stlouisfed.org/CompRevisionReleaseID49.xlsx.

Data before Wednesday, April 27, 1921 represent weekly values as of Friday. Authors: Cecilia Bao, Justin Chen, Nicholas Fries, Andrew Gibson, Emma Paine, and Kurt Schuler Studies in Applied Economics no. 115, Johns Hopkins University Institute for Applied Economics, Global Health, and the Study of Business Enterprise, July 2018; co-published with the Center for Financial Stability

Source ID: FL883011105.Q For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FL883011105&t=) provided by the source.

Source ID: FR313011105.Q For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FR313011105&t=) provided by the source.

Source ID: FU883011105.A For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FU883011105&t=) provided by the source.

The industrial production (IP) index measures the real output of all relevant establishments located in the United States, regardless of their ownership, but not those located in U.S. territories. For more information, see the explanatory notes (https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/g17/About.htm) issued by the Board of Governors. For recent updates, see the announcements (https://www.federalreserve.gov/feeds/g17.html) issued by the Board of Governors NAICS: 21222 Source Code: IP.G21222.A

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Notes regarding this series can be found in International Financial Statistics Yearbooks produced by the International Monetary Fund (IMF). We have requested these publications from the IMF. Notes on this series will populate once they become available. Copyright © 2016, International Monetary Fund. Reprinted with permission. Complete terms of use and contact details are available at http://www.imf.org/external/terms.htm.

Source ID: FU883011105.Q For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FU883011105&t=) provided by the source.

Data For 1915-1920 Represent End Of Month Totals. Data Beginning In 1934 Were Computed By NBER By Subtracting"Other Cash" From Total Cash Reserves. Beginning In June 1944,"Other Cash" Is Listed Separately By The Source And No Longer Needs To Be Subtracted From Total Reserves. Source: Federal Reserve Board, Data For 1914-1933 And 1935-1937: Annual Report, 1926, Pp. 43-45 And Successive Reports. Data For 1934 And 1938-1949: Federal Reserve Bulletins. This NBER data series m14062 appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14062

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1949. First Of Month Data In Original Sources Are Presented Here As Of The End Of The End Of The Preceeding Month. Source: Computed By NBER From U.S. Treasury Department Data: Annual Reports Of The Treasurer, 1886 And Following Years; Circulation Statements Of U.S. Money, 1887 And Following. This NBER data series m14131a appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14131a

Series Is Presented Here As Two Variables--(1)--Original Data, 1878-1914 (2)--Original Data, 1914-1949. The Form Of The Circulation Statement Was Revised Beginning December 31, 1927 So As To Exclude Earmarked Gold Coin From The Stock Of Money And Hence From Money In Circulation. Data Were Revised Back To 1914 By The Federal Reserve Board (See Banking And Monetary Statistics, P. 407). Figures Were Also Revised Beginning 1914 By Frb To Exclude The Amount Of 287 Million Dollars In Gold Coin Reported To Be In Circulation In January 1934, When That Figure Was Discontinued In The Circulation Statement, But Believed To Have Been Lost Or Melted Down Over The Years (See Banking And Monetary Statistics, P. 407). Beginning December 31, 1927, Circulation Statements Are Dated For The End Of Month Instead Of The Beginning Of The Succeeding Month, And Figures On The Revised Daily Treasury Statement Basis Instead Of Unrevised Figures Are Used. Figures Are Revised Back To 1914 By Frb. Source: Computed By NBER From U.S. Treasury Department Data: Annual Reports Of The Treasurer, 1886 And Following Years; Circulation Statements Of U.S. Money, 1887 And Following. This NBER data series m14131b appears on the NBER website in Chapter 14 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter14.html. NBER Indicator: m14131b

Source ID: FL883011203.A For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FL883011203&t=) provided by the source.

Source ID: FR883011105.Q For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FR883011105&t=) provided by the source.

Source ID: FL313011205.A For more information about the Flow of Funds tables, see the Financial Accounts Guide (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/Default.aspx). With each quarterly release, the source may make major data and structural revisions to the series and tables. These changes are available in the Release Highlights (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/FOFHighlight.aspx). In the Financial Accounts, the source identifies each series by a string of patterned letters and numbers. For a detailed description, including how this series is constructed, see the series analyzer (https://www.federalreserve.gov/apps/fof/SeriesAnalyzer.aspx?s=FL313011205&t=) provided by the source.