This series was constructed by the Bank of England as part of the Three Centuries of Macroeconomic Data project by combining data from a number of academic and official sources. For more information, please refer to the Three Centuries spreadsheet at https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/statistics/research-datasets. Users are advised to check the underlying assumptions behind this series in the relevant worksheets of the spreadsheet. In many cases alternative assumptions might be appropriate. Users are permitted to reproduce this series in their own work as it represents Bank calculations and manipulations of underlying series that are the copyright of the Bank of England provided that underlying sources are cited appropriately. For appropriate citation please see the Three Centuries spreadsheet for guidance and a list of the underlying sources.

Series Is Presented Here As Three Variables--(1)--Seasonally Adjusted, 1929-1942 (2)--Seasonally Adjusted, 1940-1946 (3)--Original Data, 1947-1966. Beginning In April 1962 Labor Force Estimates Are Based On The 1960 Population Census. Source: Employment And Earnings And Monthly Report On The Labor Force, Vol. 13, No. 9, March 1967. This NBER data series m08292c appears on the NBER website in Chapter 8 at http://www.nber.org/databases/macrohistory/contents/chapter08.html. NBER Indicator: m08292c

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04024886

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04024230

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000354

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000347

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000190

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000164

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000154

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000089

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000062

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000038

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04032229

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04024232

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000152

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000093

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000088

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000050

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000037

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04024885

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000317

View data of the unemployment rate, or the number of people 16 and over actively searching for a job as a percentage of the total labor force.

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000060

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000012

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000001

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000097

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000024

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04024887

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000002

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000025

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000173

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000036

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000014

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000095

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000061

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000049

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000026

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000334

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000182

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000091

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000086

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000048

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000013

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000341

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000319

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000199

The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04024231

To obtain estimates of women worker employment, the ratio of weighted women employees to the weighted all employees in the sample is assumed to equal the same ratio in the universe. The current month's women worker ratio, thus, is estimated and then multiplied by the all-employee estimate. The weighted-difference-link-and-taper formula (described in the source) is used to estimate the current month's women worker ratio. This formula adds the change in the matched sample's women worker ratio (the weighted-difference link) to the prior month's estimate, which has been slightly modified to reflect changes in the sample composition (the taper). The series comes from the 'Current Population Survey (Household Survey)' The source code is: LNU04000327

This series last appeared in the February, 2021 report: NROU (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/NROU)), formerly called "Natural Rate of Unemployment (Long-Term)." The natural rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is the rate of unemployment arising from all sources except fluctuations in aggregate demand. Estimates of potential GDP are based on the long-term natural rate. (CBO did not make explicit adjustments to the short-term natural rate for structural factors before the recent downturn.) The short-term natural rate incorporates structural factors that are temporarily boosting the natural rate beginning in 2008. The short-term natural rate is used to gauge the amount of current and projected slack in labor markets, which is a key input into CBO's projections of inflation.

Starting with the July, 2021 report: An Update to the Budget and Economic Outlook: 2021 to 2031 (https://www.cbo.gov/publication/57218), this series was renamed from "Natural Rate of Unemployment (Long-Term)" to "Noncyclical Rate of Unemployment". The natural rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is the rate of unemployment arising from all sources except fluctuations in aggregate demand. Estimates of potential GDP are based on the long-term natural rate. (CBO did not make explicit adjustments to the short-term natural rate for structural factors before the recent downturn.) The short-term natural rate incorporates structural factors that are temporarily boosting the natural rate beginning in 2008. The short-term natural rate is used to gauge the amount of current and projected slack in labor markets, which is a key input into CBO's projections of inflation.

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: AUT MEASURE: REG_UNE UNIT_MEASURE: PS TRANSFORMATION: G1 ADJUSTMENT: N SECTOR: S1 FREQ: A All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: AUT MEASURE: REG_UNE UNIT_MEASURE: PS TRANSFORMATION: G1 ADJUSTMENT: N SECTOR: S1 FREQ: M All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: AUT MEASURE: REG_UNE UNIT_MEASURE: PS TRANSFORMATION: G1 ADJUSTMENT: N SECTOR: S1 FREQ: Q All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Descriptor ID: LRHUTTMA OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: JPN All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Descriptor ID: LRHUTTFE OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: JPN All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Descriptor ID: LRUNTTMA OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: JPN All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Descriptor ID: LRUNTTFE OECD unit ID: PC OECD country ID: JPN All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD, "Main Economic Indicators - complete database", Main Economic Indicators (database), https://dx.doi.org/10.1787/data-00052-en (Accessed on date) Copyright, 2016, OECD. Reprinted with permission

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: JPN MEASURE: UNE_LF_M UNIT_MEASURE: PT_LF_SUB TRANSFORMATION: _Z ADJUSTMENT: N SEX: M AGE: Y_GE15 ACTIVITY: _Z FREQ: Q All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: JPN MEASURE: UNE_LF_M UNIT_MEASURE: PT_LF_SUB TRANSFORMATION: _Z ADJUSTMENT: N SEX: F AGE: Y_GE15 ACTIVITY: _Z FREQ: Q All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).

OECD Data Filters: REF_AREA: JPN MEASURE: UNE_LF UNIT_MEASURE: PT_LF_SUB TRANSFORMATION: _Z ADJUSTMENT: N SEX: M AGE: Y_GE15 ACTIVITY: _Z FREQ: Q All OECD data should be cited as follows: OECD (year), (dataset name), (data source) DOI or https://data-explorer.oecd.org/ (https://data-explorer.oecd.org/). (accessed on (date)).