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FRED Economic Data, St. Louis FED

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  • Dates of U.S. recessions as inferred by GDP-based recession indicator
    +1 or 0, Quarterly, Not Seasonally Adjusted Q4 1967 to Q4 2023 (Apr 25)

    The series assigns dates to U.S. recessions based on a mathematical model of the way that recessions differ from expansions. Whereas the NBER business cycle dates are based on a subjective assessment of a variety of indicators, the dates here are entirely mechanical and are calculated solely from historically reported GDP data. Whenever the GDP-based recession indicator index rises above 67%, the economy is determined to be in a recession. The date that the recession is determined to have begun is the first quarter prior to that date for which the inference from the mathematical model using all data available at that date would have been above 50%. The next time the GDP-based recession indicator index falls below 33%, the recession is determined to be over, and the last quarter of the recession is the first quarter for which the inference from the mathematical model using all available data at that date would have been below 50%. For more information about this series visit http://econbrowser.com/recession-index.

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Chain per equivalent adult for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Equivalent Adult, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2012-09-17)

    The equivalent measure used here assigns a weight of 1.0 to all persons over 15, and 0.5 for those under age 15. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpeqa

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Laspeyres per hour worked by employees for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Hour, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2013-04-03)

    For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpl2th

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Per Capita (Laspeyres), derived from growth rates of domestic absorption for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Person, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2012-09-17)

    For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpl2

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Per Capita (Laspeyres), derived from growth rates of Consumption, Government Consumption, Investment for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Person, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2012-09-17)

    Series is obtained by adding up consumption, investment, government and exports, and subtracting imports in any given year. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpl

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Per Capita (Chain Series) for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Person, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2012-09-17)

    For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpch

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Laspeyres per person counted in total employment for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Person Counted in Total Employment, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2013-04-03)

    For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpl2te

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Laspeyres person engaged for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Person Engaged, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1977 to 2007 (2013-04-03)

    For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpl2pe

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Laspeyres per worker for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Worker, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2012-09-17)

    Worker for this variable is usually a census definition based of economically active population. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpl2wok

  • Purchasing Power Parity Converted GDP Chain per worker for United States
    2005 International Dollars per Worker, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1950 to 2010 (2012-09-17)

    Worker for this variable is usually a census definition based of economically active population. For more information and proper citation see http://www.rug.nl/research/ggdc/data/pwt/pwt-7.1 Source Indicator: rgdpwok

  • Constant GDP per capita for the United States
    2010 U.S. Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1960 to 2022 (Dec 19)

    GDP per capita is gross domestic product divided by midyear population. GDP is the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes and minus any subsidies not included in the value of the products. It is calculated without making deductions for depreciation of fabricated assets or for depletion and degradation of natural resources. World Bank national accounts data, and OECD National Accounts data files.

  • Real GDP per Capita in the United States (DISCONTINUED)
    2011 U.S. Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1960 to 2011 (2012-12-10)

    Converted to U.S. dollars using 2011 purchasing power parities. For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/fls/intl_gdp_capita_gdp_hour.htm#technicalnotes. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has eliminated the International Labor Comparisons (ILC) program. This is the last BLS release of international comparisons of GDP per capita and per hour.

  • Real GDP per Employed Person in the United States (DISCONTINUED)
    2011 U.S. Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1960 to 2011 (2012-12-10)

    For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/fls/intl_gdp_capita_gdp_hour.htm#technicalnotes. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has eliminated the International Labor Comparisons (ILC) program. This is the last BLS release of international comparisons of GDP per capita and per hour.

  • Real GDP per Hour Worked in the United States (DISCONTINUED)
    2011 U.S. Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1970 to 2011 (2012-12-10)

    For more information, see https://www.bls.gov/fls/intl_gdp_capita_gdp_hour.htm#technicalnotes. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) has eliminated the International Labor Comparisons (ILC) program. This is the last BLS release of international comparisons of GDP per capita and per hour.

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Real Gross Domestic Product
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1960 to Mar 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The BBK Monthly GDP Growth is indexed to the quarterly estimates of real GDP growth from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and consists of three components: cycle, trend, and irregular components. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Cycle: Lagging Subcomponent of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1960 to Mar 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The lagging subcomponent of the cycle expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. The cycle component is the sum of the leading and lagging subcomponents. For more details, see also: ave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Cycle Component of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1960 to Mar 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The cycle component of GDP is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. The cycle component is the sum of the leading and lagging subcomponents. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Cycle: Leading Subcomponent of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1960 to Mar 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The leading subcomponent of the cycle is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. The cycle component is the sum of the leading and lagging subcomponents. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Trend Component of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1960 to Mar 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The trend component of GDP is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Cycle: Leading Subcomponent of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Q1 1960 to Q1 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The leading subcomponent of the cycle is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. The cycle component is the sum of the leading and lagging subcomponents. This quarterly series is aggregated from the monthly version of the series (BBKMCLE (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BBKMCLE)), using the triangle average described in Brave, Butters, and Kelley (2019) (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1) to approximate quarterly annualized (log) percent changes from the monthly series. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Real Gross Domestic Product
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Q1 1960 to Q1 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The BBK Monthly GDP Growth is indexed to the quarterly estimates of real GDP growth from the U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis and consists of three components: cycle, trend, and irregular components. This quarterly series is aggregated from the monthly version of the series (BBKMGDP (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BBKMGDP)), using the triangle average described in Brave, Butters, and Kelley (2019) (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1) to approximate quarterly annualized (log) percent changes from the monthly series. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Irregular Component of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1960 to Mar 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The irregular component of GDP is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Cycle: Lagging Subcomponent of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Q1 1960 to Q1 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The lagging subcomponent of the cycle expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. The cycle component is the sum of the leading and lagging subcomponents. This quarterly series is aggregated from the monthly version of the series (BBKMCLA (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BBKMCLA)), using the triangle average described in Brave, Butters, and Kelley (2019) (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1) to approximate quarterly annualized (log) percent changes from the monthly series. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Cycle Component of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Q1 1960 to Q1 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The cycle component of GDP is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. The cycle component is the sum of the leading and lagging subcomponents. This quarterly series is aggregated from the monthly version of the series (BBKMCY (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BBKMCY)), using the triangle average described in Brave, Butters, and Kelley (2019) (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1) to approximate quarterly annualized (log) percent changes from the monthly series. For more details, see also: ave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Irregular Component of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Q1 1960 to Q1 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The irregular component of GDP is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. This quarterly series is aggregated from the monthly version of the series (BBKMIR (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BBKMIR)), using the triangle average described in Brave, Butters, and Kelley (2019) (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1) to approximate quarterly annualized (log) percent changes from the monthly series. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Brave-Butters-Kelley Trend Component of GDP
    Annualized Percent Change from Preceding Period, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Q1 1960 to Q1 2024 (Apr 29)

    The Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (BBKI) are the byproduct of research originally conducted by the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago. Currently, the BBKI are maintained and produced by the Indiana Business Research Center at the Kelley School of Business at Indiana University. The BBK Coincident and Leading Indexes and Monthly GDP Growth for the U.S. are constructed from a collapsed dynamic factor analysis of a panel of 490 monthly measures of real economic activity and quarterly real GDP growth. The trend component of GDP is expressed in annualized real GDP growth equivalent units. This quarterly series is aggregated from the monthly version of the series (BBKMTRD (https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/BBKMTRD)), using the triangle average described in Brave, Butters, and Kelley (2019) (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1) to approximate quarterly annualized (log) percent changes from the monthly series. For more details, see also: Brave, Scott A., Ross Cole, and David Kelley, 2019, A 'big data' view of the U.S. economy: Introducing the Brave-Butters-Kelley Indexes (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/chicago-fed-letter/2019/422), Chicago Fed Letter, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, No. 422. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/cfl-2019-422 Brave, Scott A., R. Andrew Butters, and David Kelley, 2019, A new 'big data' index of U.S. economic activity (https://www.chicagofed.org/publications/economic-perspectives/2019/1), Economic Perspectives, Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, Vol. 43, No. 1. Crossref, https://doi.org/10.21033/ep-2019-1

  • Real Final Sales to Private Domestic Purchasers
    Billions of 2017 US Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1947 to Q1 2024 (Apr 25)

    BEA Account Code: LB000003 Final sales to domestic purchasers less government consumption expenditures and gross investment.For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Buildings: Educational (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B847RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real Private Nonresidential Investment: Equipment and Software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2012 (2013-03-28)

    BEA Account Code: B010RX1 A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)

  • Real net government investment: Net equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: A901RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real private fixed investment in equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: A327RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real Nonresidential Investment: Equipment and Software, 1 Decimal (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: B010RX1 A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)

  • Real national defense consumption expenditures: Gross output of general government: Intermediate goods and services purchased: Services: Research and development (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: B784RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government consumption expenditures and gross investment: Federal: National defense: Gross investment: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2012 (2013-04-05)

    BEA Account Code: A873RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government consumption expenditures and gross investment: Federal: National defense: Gross investment: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: A873RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real net government investment: Net equipment and software: Federal (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: A902RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real net government investment: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2012 (2013-04-05)

    BEA Account Code: A871RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government consumption expenditures and gross investment: State and local: Gross investment: Equipment and software: Gross investment: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: A871RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Buildings: Hospital (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-04-01)

    BEA Account Code: B848RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Buildings: Other (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B849RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Buildings: Educational (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B835RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Highways and streets (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B838RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Conservation and development (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-04-01)

    BEA Account Code: B839RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Other (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B840RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real net fixed investment: Net nonresidential: Equipment and Software: Consumption of fixed capital (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1967 to 2011 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B189RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real national defense gross investment: Equipment and software: Electronics and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: B878RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: Federal: Nondefense: New: Buildings: Industrial (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B834RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real net government investment: Equipment and Software: Consumption of fixed capital (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-04-01)

    BEA Account Code: B900RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real Nonresidential Investment: Equipment and Software, 3 Decimal (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    A Guide to the National Income and Product Accounts of the United States (NIPA) - (http://www.bea.gov/national/pdf/nipaguid.pdf)

  • Real net government investment: Net equipment and software: Federal: National defense (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B905RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real net government investment: Net equipment and software: Federal: Nondefense (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B906RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real net government investment: Net equipment and software: State and local (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-04-01)

    BEA Account Code: B907RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Conservation and development (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B857RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Sewer systems (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B858RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Water systems (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B859RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real gross government fixed investment: Structures: State and local: New: Other (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 1997 (2013-03-31)

    BEA Account Code: B860RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government consumption expenditures and gross investment: Federal: Nondefense: Gross investment: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2012 (2013-04-05)

    BEA Account Code: B880RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government consumption expenditures and gross investment: Federal: Nondefense: Gross investment: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Quarterly, Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Q1 1995 to Q1 2013 (2013-06-26)

    BEA Account Code: B880RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government enterprise gross fixed investment: Federal: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-04-01)

    BEA Account Code: B885RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.

  • Real government enterprise gross fixed investment: State and local: Equipment and software (DISCONTINUED)
    Billions of Chained 2005 Dollars, Annual, Not Seasonally Adjusted 1995 to 2011 (2013-04-01)

    BEA Account Code: B888RX1 For more information about this series, please see http://www.bea.gov/national/.


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